学习指南

积分(FP3)

爱德思国际A-Level进阶数学· FP3 4.1至4.6,2018年考纲第3版· 25 分钟阅读

1. 双曲函数、反三角函数与反双曲函数的积分★★☆☆☆⏱ 5 min

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双曲函数的标准积分结果已在公式手册中给出,你可以直接应用它们求解不定积分与定积分。对于反三角函数与反双曲函数,使用分部积分法,令等于该反函数,

📘 定义

反函数积分

对于任意可积反函数,分部积分的设置为:,因此,可得

📐 例题

计算

  1. 1

  2. 2
    du=11+x2dx,v=xdu = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}dx, v = x
  3. 3

    代入分部积分公式:

  4. 4
    arsinh xdx=xarsinh xx1+x2dx\int \text{arsinh }x dx = x \text{arsinh }x - \int \frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}dx
  5. 5

    使用换元计算剩余积分:

  6. 6
    x1+x2dx=1+x2+C\int \frac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}dx = \sqrt{1+x^2} + C
  7. 7

    代入上下限0到1:

  8. 8
    [xarsinh x1+x2]01=arsinh 12+1[x \text{arsinh }x - \sqrt{1+x^2}]_0^1 = \text{arsinh }1 - \sqrt{2} + 1
  9. 9

    利用标准结果得到最终值:

2. 积分的三角换元与双曲换元★★★☆☆⏱ 5 min

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使用标准换元简化包含二次根式的积分。所有标准换元与对应的积分结果都已在公式手册中给出。对于更复杂的根式积分,题目会给出所需的换元方式,你无需自行构造新的换元。

Integrand Form

Substitution

Simplified Surd

📐 例题

时,计算

  1. 1

    将被积函数改写为匹配标准形式的样式:

  2. 2
    1(2x)232dx\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{(2x)^2 - 3^2}}dx
  3. 3

    使用换元,因此

  4. 4

    将换元代入积分:

  5. 5
    19cosh2u9×32sinhudu=13sinhu×32sinhudu=12du\int \frac{1}{\sqrt{9 \cosh^2 u - 9}} \times \frac{3}{2}\sinh u du = \int \frac{1}{3 \sinh u} \times \frac{3}{2}\sinh u du = \int \frac{1}{2} du
  6. 6
    =12u+C=12arcosh(2x3)+C= \frac{1}{2}u + C = \frac{1}{2}\text{arcosh}\left(\frac{2x}{3}\right) + C
  7. 7

    该结果与公式手册中的标准结果一致,因此你也可以直接写出结果为

3. 递推降阶公式的推导与应用★★★★☆⏱ 6 min

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📘 定义

递推降阶公式

(某函数的次幂的积分)表示为的递推关系,对于三角函数与双曲函数通常取

📐 例题

推导的降阶公式,并使用该公式计算

  1. 1

    将被积函数拆分为两项以进行分部积分:

  2. 2
    In=0π/2sinn1x×sinxdxI_n = \int_0^{\pi/2} \sin^{n-1}x \times \sin x dx
  3. 3

    ,因此

  4. 4

    应用分部积分法:

  5. 5
    In=[sinn1xcosx]0π/2+(n1)0π/2sinn2xcos2xdxI_n = [-\sin^{n-1}x \cos x]_0^{\pi/2} + (n-1)\int_0^{\pi/2} \sin^{n-2}x \cos^2 x dx
  6. 6

    边界项的计算结果为0,代入

  7. 7
    In=(n1)0π/2sinn2x(1sin2x)dx=(n1)In2(n1)InI_n = (n-1)\int_0^{\pi/2} \sin^{n-2}x (1 - \sin^2 x) dx = (n-1)I_{n-2} - (n-1)I_n
  8. 8

    整理得到递推关系:

  9. 9
    In+(n1)In=(n1)In2    nIn=(n1)In2I_n + (n-1)I_n = (n-1)I_{n-2} \implies nI_n = (n-1)I_{n-2}
  10. 10

    使用基础情况计算

  11. 11
    I4=34I2=34×12I0=38×π2=3π16I_4 = \frac{3}{4}I_2 = \frac{3}{4} \times \frac{1}{2}I_0 = \frac{3}{8} \times \frac{\pi}{2} = \frac{3\pi}{16}

4. 计算直角坐标曲线与参数曲线的弧长★★★☆☆⏱ 4 min

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直角坐标曲线和参数曲线的弧长公式已收录在公式手册中。极坐标形式的弧长不属于FP3的考察范围。请务必先化简根号内的表达式,它通常可以化简为完全平方形式。

📐 例题

计算曲线之间的弧长

  1. 1

    将y对x求导:

  2. 2
    dydx=x1/2=x\frac{dy}{dx} = x^{1/2} = \sqrt{x}
  3. 3

    代入直角坐标弧长公式:

  4. 4
    s=031+(dydx)2dx=031+xdxs = \int_0^3 \sqrt{1 + (\frac{dy}{dx})^2} dx = \int_0^3 \sqrt{1 + x} dx
  5. 5

    计算该积分:

  6. 6
    s=[23(1+x)3/2]03=23(43/213/2)=23(81)=1434.67s = \left[\frac{2}{3}(1+x)^{3/2}\right]_0^3 = \frac{2}{3}(4^{3/2} - 1^{3/2}) = \frac{2}{3}(8 - 1) = \frac{14}{3} \approx 4.67

5. 计算旋转体的表面积★★★★☆⏱ 5 min

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绕x轴旋转得到的旋转体表面积公式为,其中是与曲线形式(直角坐标或参数形式)匹配的弧长微元。不要遗漏项或项,这是常见的失分点。

📐 例题

求曲线)绕x轴旋转弧度后形成的旋转体表面积

  1. 1

    将y对x求导:

  2. 2
    dydx=12x\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}
  3. 3

    写出直角坐标形式下的项:

  4. 4
    ds=1+(dydx)2dx=1+14xdx=4x+14xdx=4x+12xdxds = \sqrt{1 + (\frac{dy}{dx})^2} dx = \sqrt{1 + \frac{1}{4x}} dx = \sqrt{\frac{4x + 1}{4x}} dx = \frac{\sqrt{4x + 1}}{2\sqrt{x}} dx
  5. 5

    代入表面积公式:

  6. 6
    Sx=2π04yds=2π04x×4x+12xdxS_x = 2\pi \int_0^4 y ds = 2\pi \int_0^4 \sqrt{x} \times \frac{\sqrt{4x + 1}}{2\sqrt{x}} dx
  7. 7

    化简被积函数,项可以抵消:

  8. 8
    Sx=π044x+1dxS_x = \pi \int_0^4 \sqrt{4x + 1} dx
  9. 9

    使用换元法计算该积分:

  10. 10
    Sx=π×14×23[(4x+1)3/2]04=π6(173/21)36.2S_x = \pi \times \frac{1}{4} \times \frac{2}{3}[(4x + 1)^{3/2}]_0^4 = \frac{\pi}{6}(17^{3/2} - 1) \approx 36.2

6. 常见陷阱

错误做法:

Using substitution for instead of

原因:

, so , which works for not

正确做法:

Use for , as , simplifying the surd to for

错误做法:

Writing instead of for surface area calculations

原因:

Surface area depends on the length of the curve segment, not just the x-axis interval, so omitting gives an incorrect value

正确做法:

Always substitute the correct form (Cartesian or parametric) matching the curve's equation before evaluating the integral

错误做法:

Splitting as , when deriving reduction formulae

原因:

This split leads to an integral with , which is more complex and does not produce a lower power of

正确做法:

Split powers of trigonometric/hyperbolic functions into a power term and a 1 power term for integration by parts to get a recurrence relation with

错误做法:

Trying to integrate inverse functions directly instead of using integration by parts

原因:

Inverse functions have no elementary antiderivative when integrated directly, so this approach will not work

正确做法:

For integrals of inverse functions like , set inverse function, , then evaluate the resulting simpler integral

错误做法:

Using incorrect limits for parametric arc length/surface area integrals

原因:

The parameter limits must correspond exactly to the start and end points of the curve segment being measured, not the x-axis limits

正确做法:

Check that you are using the correct parameter interval that maps to the curve endpoints given in the question

7. 速查表

Concept

Formula / Technique

Exam Tip

Integrate inverse functions

Use by parts: ,

Use formula book surd results directly for the resulting integral to save time

substitution

Simplifies to , result maps to

substitution

Simplifies to , result maps to

substitution

Simplifies to , result maps to

Reduction formula derivation

Use by parts: ,

State the recurrence relation explicitly before applying to base cases

Cartesian arc length

Simplify the term inside the square root first, look for perfect squares

Parametric arc length

Use parameter limits matching the curve endpoints, not x/y limits

Surface area (x-axis)

Use the form matching the curve's equation (Cartesian/parametric)

8. 常见问题

我需要熟记FP3所有的标准积分结果吗?

不需要,爱德思公式手册提供了所有双曲函数、反三角函数与根式的标准积分结果。你只需要掌握分部积分法、换元技巧以及递推降阶公式的推导方法即可。

FP3的弧长或旋转曲面面积题目中会使用极坐标方程吗?

不会,极坐标形式的弧长与旋转曲面面积明确不属于FP3的考察范围,所有相关题目只会使用直角坐标方程或参数方程。

深入阅读

下一步

Now that you have mastered FP3 integration techniques, you are ready to apply these skills to the remaining core FP3 topics, as well as synoptic questions across the Further Mathematics specification. Integration of hyperbolic functions and reduction formulae are often combined with differential equations topics in FP4, while arc length and surface area calculations may appear in synoptic questions linking to coordinate geometry in FP2. Be sure to practice full past paper questions for this topic, as exam questions typically combine multiple integration techniques in a single multi-part problem, worth 8-12 marks. You should also revise integration techniques from Pure 3 to ensure you can quickly recall substitution and by parts rules under timed exam conditions.