浮力与阿基米德原理
AP 物理1· AP 物理1 课程与考试说明(CED)——流体· 14 分钟阅读
1. 浮力核心概念★★☆☆☆⏱ 3 min
浮力是静止流体对任何部分或完全浸入其中的物体施加的净向上作用力。它的产生源于流体静压强随深度递增:物体下表面受到的向上压强大于上表面受到的向下压强,由此产生的净向上作用力就称为浮力()。
阿基米德原理
任何浸入静止流体中的物体都会受到浮力,浮力的大小等于该物体排开的流体所受的重力。
证明静止流体中的阿基米德原理
从与物体排开体积相等的流体微元的静力学平衡出发
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将浸入的物体替换为相同体积的流体本身。该部分流体处于静止状态,因此其所受合力为零。
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作用在该流体微元上的力只有自身的重力(向下)和周围流体施加的净向上作用力(即浮力)。
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受力平衡可得:
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将该流体微元替换回原物体时,周围流体施加的作用力不会发生改变,因此上述关系仍然成立。
阿基米德原理对任何浸入静止流体的物体均成立。
Exam tip:
AP考试中浮力的概念题和计算题占比相当,请务必能够解释为什么完全浸没的物体所受浮力不随深度变化。
2. 浮力计算★★☆☆☆⏱ 3 min
✓ 计算器
根据阿基米德原理,浮力的核心计算公式为:
其中$ ho_fV_dgV_dV_oV_d$仅为物体位于流体液面以下的体积。
一块总体积为的实心长方体铁块完全浸没在密度为的淡水中,计算铁块受到的浮力大小。
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确认物体完全浸没,因此排开流体体积等于物体总体积:
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写出阿基米德原理公式:
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代入已知数值():
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计算最终结果:
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注意本题不需要用到铁的密度,因为浮力仅取决于流体属性和排开流体的体积。
Exam tip:
请在每道题的解题初始就标注好$ ho_f ho_o$(物体密度),避免将二者混淆。
3. 漂浮物体的平衡★★★☆☆⏱ 4 min
✓ 计算器
静止的漂浮物体处于静力学平衡状态,因此竖直方向合力为零。物体受到的竖直方向的力只有向下的自身重力和向上的浮力,因此受力平衡可得:
代入和的计算公式,将两侧的约去后可以得到适用于漂浮物体的实用关系式:
中性浮力
物体平均密度等于流体密度的状态,此时物体可完全浸没在流体中任意深度保持静止漂浮。
例:
A scuba diver adjusting their buoyancy to hover at a fixed depth.
一块松木的密度为,漂浮在密度为的纯乙醇中。求松木位于乙醇液面以上的体积占总体积的比例是多少?
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对于处于平衡状态的漂浮物体,满足公式。代入已知的密度数值:
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液面以上的体积占比等于总体积占比减去浸没部分的体积占比:
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松木约有37%的体积位于乙醇液面以上。
Exam tip:
AP考题几乎总是要求计算液面以上的体积占比,而非浸没部分的占比,请务必反复确认题目要求的物理量。
4. 浸没物体的视重★★★★☆⏱ 4 min
✓ 计算器
当物体被悬挂并静止完全浸没在流体中时,它的视重(支撑物体所需的力)小于实际重量,这是因为向上的浮力抵消了物体的一部分重力。对于静力学平衡:
对于完全浸没的物体,该式可以用密度改写为:
该关系式常被用于通过测量空气中的重量和已知密度流体中的视重,求解不规则固体的密度,这是AP考试中非常常见的实验类考题。
一个不规则的实心黄铜物体在空气中称重为32 N,将其完全浸没在密度为的水中时,视重为28 N。求黄铜的密度是多少?
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整理视重公式以求解浮力:
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完全浸没时满足,据此求解物体的体积:
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利用物体的实际重量求解物体的密度:
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该结果与公认的黄铜密度一致,符合预期。
请完成以下这道AP风格的选择题,检验你对知识点的理解:
A solid wooden block floats in a beaker of pure fresh water. The beaker is then drained and refilled with ethyl alcohol, which has a lower density than fresh water. The block still floats in the alcohol. What happens to the buoyant force on the block, and what happens to the volume of the block submerged below the fluid surface, compared to fresh water?
A) Buoyant force increases, submerged volume increases
B) Buoyant force stays the same, submerged volume decreases
C) Buoyant force stays the same, submerged volume increases
D) Buoyant force decreases, submerged volume decreases
显示答案
C —Since the block remains floating, equilibrium requires buoyant force always equals the constant weight of the block. From , lower fluid density means larger submerged volume, so C is correct.
Exam tip:
如果题目给出了悬挂浸没物体的细绳的拉力,该拉力就等于,可以直接代入受力平衡方程使用。
5. 常见陷阱
错误做法:
Using the object's density instead of the fluid's density in the buoyant force formula
原因:
Students often mix up which density is relevant, since object density determines whether an object sinks or floats
正确做法:
Always explicitly label each variable and write at the start of every problem
错误做法:
Assuming for all floating objects
原因:
Students forget only neutral buoyancy (fully submerged floating) has , not surface floating
正确做法:
Always start with for floating objects to relate and , never assume unless the object is explicitly fully submerged
错误做法:
Claiming buoyant force increases as a fully submerged object moves deeper into the fluid
原因:
Students confuse increasing pressure with depth with increasing net pressure difference, which does not change for a fixed volume
正确做法:
For incompressible objects and fluids (all AP Physics 1 cases), is constant, so is constant regardless of depth
错误做法:
Flipping the density ratio to get for floating objects
原因:
Students memorize the ratio instead of deriving it from force balance
正确做法:
Always start from first principles and cancel terms step-by-step to get the ratio, rather than relying on memory
错误做法:
Adding buoyant force to the object's weight when calculating apparent weight
原因:
Students forget buoyant force acts upward, opposite to weight
正确做法:
Always draw a free-body diagram of the object to confirm force directions before writing the force balance equation
6. 速查表
Category | Formula | Notes |
|---|---|---|
Buoyant Force (Archimedes' Principle) | = fluid density, = displaced fluid volume | |
Fully Submerged Buoyant Force | = total object volume | |
Floating Object Equilibrium | Only applies to static floating objects at rest | |
Floating Submerged Fraction | Gives fraction of volume below fluid surface | |
Apparent Weight (Submerged) | equals tension supporting the object | |
Apparent Weight (Density Form) | Only valid for fully submerged objects | |
Neutral Buoyancy Condition | Object floats fully submerged at any depth |
深入阅读
下一步
Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle is the core foundation for all fluid mechanics topics in AP Physics 1. Mastery of this concept is required for multi-concept free-response questions that combine force analysis with fluid properties, and it is regularly tested in conceptual multiple-choice questions. Next, you will build on this understanding to study hydrostatic pressure, then move to fluid flow with the continuity equation and Bernoulli's principle. Buoyancy also connects to core course concepts like static force equilibrium, which is tested throughout the AP Physics 1 exam. A solid grasp of Archimedes' Principle will help you avoid common pitfalls on fluid questions and earn maximum points on exam day.
