多边形
爱德思国际普通中等教育证书数学A· 4.2· 18 分钟阅读
1. 识别多边形与特殊四边形★★☆☆☆⏱ 4 min
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多边形
由3条及以上互不相交的直边构成、没有曲边的封闭二维图形。
例:
Triangle (3 sides), pentagon (5 sides), octagon (8 sides)
Named polygons you must recognise: pentagon (5 sides), hexagon (6 sides), octagon (8 sides)
All 4-sided polygons are called quadrilaterals, with interior angles summing to 360°
四边形
恰好拥有4条边的多边形,其内角和为360°
Quadrilateral | Key Defining Properties |
|---|---|
Parallelogram | Opposite sides parallel and equal; opposite angles equal; diagonals bisect each other |
Rectangle | Parallelogram with all angles 90°; diagonals equal in length |
Square | Rectangle with all sides equal; diagonals perpendicular, bisect vertex angles |
Rhombus | Parallelogram with all sides equal; diagonals perpendicular, bisect vertex angles |
Trapezium | Exactly one pair of parallel opposite sides |
Kite | Two pairs of adjacent equal sides; one pair of opposite equal angles |
请说出拥有两组邻边相等、且有一组对角相等的四边形的名称。
- 1
- 将给出的性质与各类四边形的定义进行比对
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- 平行四边形是对边相等,不符合该条件
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- 筝形的定义就是拥有两组邻边相等,且有一组对角相等
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最终答案:筝形
Exam tip:
考试中如果要求你命名一个四边形,一定要列出2-3条关键性质来佐证你的答案,才能拿到全部分数。
2. 多边形的内角和★★★☆☆⏱ 5 min
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任意边形的内角和都可以通过下方公式计算,该公式的推导逻辑是将多边形拆分为个三角形,每个三角形的内角和均为180°。
计算七边形的内角和。
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- 确定边数:
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- 代入公式计算:
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最终答案:900°
一个四边形的三个内角分别为72°、105°和121°,求第四个内角的大小。
- 1
- 四边形的内角和为360°
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最终答案:62°
Exam tip:
做四边形角度相关题目时,你既可以代入通用公式取计算,也可以直接使用固定的360°内角和结论来节省时间。
3. 正多边形:内角与外角★★★☆☆⏱ 5 min
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正多边形
所有边长相等、所有内角大小也相等的多边形。
例:
Square, regular hexagon, regular octagon
正多边形的两条核心规则:
1. 任意多边形(无论正或不规则)的外角和恒为360°,因此正边形的每个外角 =
2. 每个内角的大小等于180°减去同一顶点处的外角,也可以用公式计算。
计算正八边形每个内角的大小。
- 1
- 八边形有8条边,因此
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- 使用更简便的外角法:
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最终答案:135°
一个正多边形的内角为150°,求它有多少条边?
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- 首先计算同一顶点处的外角:
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- 对外角公式进行变形,求解n:
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最终答案:12条边(十二边形)
Exam tip:
如果题目给出正多边形的一个内角、要求计算边数,建议优先使用外角相关公式求解,步骤更少,能降低计算出错的概率。
4. 多边形的全等★★☆☆☆⏱ 3 min
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全等多边形
形状和大小完全相同,所有对应边和对应角都相等的多边形。图形的旋转或反射不会改变其全等性质。
例:
Two squares with side length 5cm are congruent; a square of side 3cm and a square of side 6cm are not congruent.
判断边长分别为7cm和8cm的两个等边三角形是否全等,并说明理由。
- 1
- 检查二者的形状和大小是否一致:
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- 二者都是等边三角形,因此形状相同,但边长不等,因此大小不同。
- 3
最终答案:不全等,二者的对应边长度不相等。
Exam tip:
考试中解释全等概念时,必须同时提及形状相同和大小相等(或对应边/对应角全部相等)才能获得满分。
5. 常见陷阱
错误做法:
Assuming trapeziums have two pairs of parallel sides
原因:
Only parallelograms have two pairs of parallel sides; trapeziums are defined as having exactly one pair of parallel sides
正确做法:
Quote exactly one pair of parallel sides when defining or identifying a trapezium
错误做法:
Using the wrong number of sides for named polygons
原因:
Mixing up polygon names (e.g. hexagon = 6 sides, not 5) leads to incorrect angle sum calculations
正确做法:
Memorise side counts for common polygons: pentagon=5, hexagon=6, octagon=8
错误做法:
Thinking the sum of exterior angles changes with number of sides
原因:
Students often assume more sides = larger exterior angle sum, but it is always fixed at 360° for any polygon
正确做法:
Recall that exterior angle sum is 360°, regardless of the number of sides of the polygon
错误做法:
Claiming a square is not a type of rhombus
原因:
Students incorrectly assume rhombuses can only have non-right angles, but squares meet all rhombus definition criteria
正确做法:
Remember squares are a special case of both rhombuses and rectangles
错误做法:
Using 180° sum for quadrilaterals instead of 360°
原因:
Mixing up triangle and quadrilateral interior angle sums leads to missing angle errors
正确做法:
Memorise quadrilateral angle sum is 360°, or derive it using the general formula for
6. 速查表
Concept | Rule/Formula |
|---|---|
Sum of interior angles (n sides) | |
Sum of exterior angles (any polygon) | |
Regular n-gon exterior angle | |
Regular n-gon interior angle | |
Quadrilateral interior angle sum | |
Congruent polygons | Same shape and size, all corresponding sides/angles equal |
7. 常见问题
任意多边形的外角和是多少?
无论边数多少,任意多边形的外角和恒为360°。对于正多边形,你可以将360°除以(边数),得到每个相等外角的大小。
正方形属于菱形的一种吗?
是的。正方形满足菱形的所有定义性质(四条边相等、对边平行、对角相等),还额外具备所有内角均为90°的特性。
我需要为考试熟记多边形内角和公式吗?
是的,边形的内角和公式不会印在考试提供的公式表上,你必须自行熟记。
深入阅读
下一步
Now that you have mastered polygon properties and angle calculations, you are ready to move on to more advanced geometry topics in the Edexcel IGCSE Mathematics A specification. Next, you will apply these angle rules to problems involving circles, congruent triangles, and trigonometry, which make up a large portion of the geometry and trigonometry unit. You should also practice applying polygon properties to multi-step geometry problems, as these are frequently tested in both foundation and higher tier papers. Make sure you memorise all the rules and formulae in this guide, as none are provided on the exam formula sheet. Regular practice of past paper questions will help you avoid common errors and build speed when solving angle problems.
