学习指南

乘积、商与复合函数的求导运算

爱德思国际GCSE进阶纯数学· S9B(2016年考纲,首次考试2019年)· 18 分钟阅读

1. 1. 乘积法则★★☆☆☆⏱ 4 min

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📘 定义

乘积法则

ddx(uv)=u′v+uv′\frac{d}{dx}(uv) = u'v + uv'

用于对两个可导函数u(x)和v(x)的乘积求导,该公式需要你在考试中自行熟记。

例:

Differentiate

应用乘积法则时,首先将相乘的两个函数标记为u和v,计算它们的导数u'和v',再代入乘积法则公式。最终答案要尽可能化简。

📐 例题

对关于x求导。

  1. 1

    步骤1:将两个因子标记为u和v:,

  2. 2

    步骤2:计算u和v的导数:

    u′=2e2x,v′=−5sin⁡(5x)u' = 2e^{2x}, v' = -5\sin(5x)
  3. 3

    步骤3:代入乘积法则公式:

    dydx=(2e2x)(cos⁡5x)+(e2x)(−5sin⁡5x)\frac{dy}{dx} = (2e^{2x})(\cos 5x) + (e^{2x})(-5\sin 5x)
  4. 4

    步骤4:提取公因式进行化简:

    dydx=e2x(2cos⁡5x−5sin⁡5x)\frac{dy}{dx} = e^{2x}(2\cos 5x - 5\sin 5x)

Exam tip:

解题时务必明确写出u、v、u'和v',这样即使后续计算出现算术错误,也能拿到步骤分。

2. 2. 商法则★★★☆☆⏱ 5 min

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📘 定义

商法则

ddx(uv)=u′v−uv′v2\frac{d}{dx}\left(\frac{u}{v}\right) = \frac{u'v - uv'}{v^2}

用于对两个可导函数u(x)(分子)和v(x)(分母)的商求导,该公式会在考试提供的公式表中给出。

例:

Differentiate

使用商法则时,确保将u设为分子,v设为分母。要特别注意公式分子部分的减法运算,此处非常容易出现符号错误。

📐 例题

对关于x求导,最终结果保留为单个分式。

  1. 1

    步骤1:将分子设为u,分母设为v:,

  2. 2

    步骤2:计算导数:,

  3. 3

    步骤3:代入商法则公式:

    dydx=(2cos⁡2x)(4x+1)−(sin⁡2x)(4)(4x+1)2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{(2\cos 2x)(4x + 1) - (\sin 2x)(4)}{(4x + 1)^2}
  4. 4

    步骤4:展开第一项,化简分子:

    dydx=2(4x+1)cos⁡2x−4sin⁡2x(4x+1)2\frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{2(4x + 1)\cos 2x - 4\sin 2x}{(4x + 1)^2}

3. 3. 链式法则(复合函数)★★☆☆☆⏱ 4 min

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📘 定义

链式法则

If , then (or when substituting )

用于对复合函数(即函数的函数,一个函数嵌套在另一个函数内部)表达式求导,该公式需要你在考试中自行熟记。

例:

Differentiate

对于IGCSE进阶纯数学难度的简单复合函数,你通常可以直接套用链式法则:将幂次作为系数乘到前面,幂次减1,再乘以内层函数的导数。该方法适用于幂函数、三角函数和指数形式的复合函数。

📐 例题

求关于x的导数。

  1. 1

    步骤1:识别内层函数,因此

  2. 2

    步骤2:分别计算y关于u的导数,以及u关于x的导数:

    dydu=4u3,dudx=−3sin⁡(3x)\frac{dy}{du} = 4u^3, \frac{du}{dx} = -3\sin(3x)
  3. 3

    步骤3:应用链式法则:

    dydx=4u3×(−3sin⁡3x)\frac{dy}{dx} = 4u^3 \times (-3\sin 3x)
  4. 4

    步骤4:代回并化简:

    dydx=−12cos⁡3(3x)sin⁡(3x)\frac{dy}{dx} = -12\cos^3(3x) \sin(3x)

Exam tip:

对于函数的简单幂次形式,你可以使用速算公式来节省考试时间,前提是你展示了足够的解题步骤。

4. 4. 多种求导法则的综合运用★★★★☆⏱ 6 min

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绝大多数考试题会要求你在同一道题中使用不止一种求导法则。例如,某乘积的其中一项为复合函数,或者某分式的分子为乘积形式。请始终将题目逐步拆解,先确定第一步要使用的法则。

📐 例题

求关于x的导数。

  1. 1

    步骤1:识别该式为两个函数的乘积:,

  2. 2

    步骤2:直接计算v的导数:

  3. 3

    步骤3:由于u是复合函数,使用链式法则计算u的导数:

    u′=3(x2+1)2×2x=6x(x2+1)2u' = 3(x^2 + 1)^2 \times 2x = 6x(x^2 + 1)^2
  4. 4

    步骤4:将u、v、u'、v'代入乘积法则公式:

    dydx=[6x(x2+1)2]e4x+[(x2+1)3]4e4x\frac{dy}{dx} = [6x(x^2 + 1)^2]e^{4x} + [(x^2 + 1)^3]4e^{4x}
  5. 5

    步骤5:提取公因式进行化简:

    dydx=2e4x(x2+1)2(2x2+3x+2)\frac{dy}{dx} = 2e^{4x}(x^2 + 1)^2(2x^2 + 3x + 2)
✓ 快速检测
  1. When differentiating , which rules do you need to use, in order?

      1. Product rule, then quotient rule
      1. Quotient rule, then product rule for the denominator derivative
    • Only quotient rule

    • Only chain rule

    显示答案
    1 —

    The expression is a quotient, so you first apply the quotient rule. To differentiate the denominator , you need to use the product rule.

5. 常见陷阱

错误做法:

Swapping the order of terms in the quotient rule numerator, writing instead of

原因:

Sign error leads to the negative of the correct answer, losing accuracy marks

正确做法:

Always write u'v first, then subtract uv', and double-check the order before simplifying

错误做法:

Forgetting to multiply by the derivative of the inner function when applying the chain rule, e.g. writing instead of multiplying by 2

原因:

Misses a key step of the chain rule, leading to an incorrect derivative

正确做法:

After adjusting the power of the composite function, always multiply by the derivative of the inner function before simplifying

错误做法:

Failing to label u, v, u', v' when applying product or quotient rules

原因:

Makes it harder to spot errors, and you may lose method marks if your final answer is wrong

正确做法:

Explicitly write down u, v, u', v' as your first step for every product or quotient rule question

错误做法:

Overcomplicating simple problems by using the quotient rule when the product rule is easier, e.g. differentiating as quotient instead of with product rule

原因:

Increases the chance of sign or arithmetic errors

正确做法:

For simple denominators that are powers or exponentials, rewrite as a negative power and use the product + chain rules if you find it easier

6. 速查表

Rule

Formula

Recall Required?

Use Case

Product Rule

Yes

Product of two functions

Quotient Rule

No (given on formula sheet)

Fraction of two functions

Chain Rule

Yes

Composite (function of a function)

7. 常见问题

备考爱德思IGCSE进阶纯数学需要熟记商法则吗?

不需要,商法则会印在考试时发放的官方公式表中。你只需要熟记乘积法则和链式法则即可。

处理分式求导时,可以用乘积法则代替商法则吗?

可以,你可以将分式改写为,再结合乘积法则与链式法则求导。两种方法得到的结果完全一致,评分标准中均予以认可。

深入阅读

下一步

Now that you have mastered the three core differentiation rules for Edexcel IGCSE FPM, you are ready to apply these to practical problems including finding gradients, tangents, normals, and stationary points. These applications form a large portion of the calculus section of your exam, and often carry 5-8 mark questions that require you to combine differentiation with algebraic manipulation. You should also practice past paper questions that combine these rules with trigonometric and exponential functions to build speed and accuracy before your exam.

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