学习指南

位置向量

爱德思国际GCSE进阶纯数学· 2016年考纲第7D节· 15 分钟阅读

1. 1. 相对于原点O的位置向量定义★☆☆☆☆⏱ 5 min

📘 定义

位置向量

aorOA→\textbf{a} or \overrightarrow{OA}

起点为固定原点O、终点为点A的向量。对于二维坐标为的点,其位置向量可表示为列向量:。

例:

If point A has coordinates (3, 4) relative to origin O, its position vector is .

同一道考题中的所有位置向量均以题目开头说明的同一个固定原点为基准。4PM1仅考查二维位置向量,官方考题中不会出现第三个(z方向)分量。

📐 例题

写出原点O下点P(2, -5)和点Q(-1, 0)的位置向量。

  1. 1

    对于点P,将其x坐标作为列向量的上分量,y坐标作为列向量的下分量:

  2. 2
    p=OP→=(2−5)\textbf{p} = \overrightarrow{OP} = \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ -5 \end{pmatrix}
  3. 3

    对于点Q,代入其坐标重复上述步骤:

  4. 4
    q=OQ→=(−10)\textbf{q} = \overrightarrow{OQ} = \begin{pmatrix} -1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}

2. 2. 位移运算法则 $\boldsymbol{\overrightarrow{AB} = b - a}$★★☆☆☆⏱ 6 min

✓ 计算器

要得到从点A指向点B的位移向量,只需用终点B的位置向量减去起点A的位置向量。这是4PM1第7章最高频的考点之一。

📘 定义

两点间位移

AB→\overrightarrow{AB}

从点A直接指向点B的向量,计算公式为:,其中和分别为点A和点B的位置向量。

例:

If and , then .

📐 例题

原点O下点A的位置向量为,点B的位置向量为,计算向量。

  1. 1

    回忆位移运算法则:(终点位置向量减去起点位置向量)。

  2. 2

    将已知位置向量代入公式:

  3. 3
    AB→=(5−1)−(26)\overrightarrow{AB} = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ -1 \end{pmatrix} - \begin{pmatrix} 2 \\ 6 \end{pmatrix}
  4. 4

    对向量的对应分量做减法运算:

  5. 5
    AB→=(5−2−1−6)=(3−7)\overrightarrow{AB} = \begin{pmatrix} 5 - 2 \\ -1 - 6 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 3 \\ -7 \end{pmatrix}

3. 3. 考试类位置向量题型★★★☆☆⏱ 7 min

✓ 计算器

该知识点的考题通常要求你求解位置向量的未知分量,或将位置向量与你已掌握的坐标几何知识点结合考查。

📐 例题

已知向量,原点O下点M的位置向量为,求点N的坐标。

  1. 1

    从位移运算法则出发:

  2. 2

    对公式变形,求解未知位置向量:

  3. 3
    n=MN→+m\textbf{n} = \overrightarrow{MN} + \textbf{m}
  4. 4

    代入已知数值,对对应分量做加法运算:

  5. 5
    n=(4−2)+(13)=(4+1−2+3)=(51)\textbf{n} = \begin{pmatrix} 4 \\ -2 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 3 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 4 + 1 \\ -2 + 3 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 5 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}
  6. 6

    把位置向量转换为坐标:x坐标是上方分量,y坐标是下方分量,因此点N的坐标为(5, 1)。

✓ 快速检测
  1. If and , what is ?

    显示答案
    1 —

    . Remember that is the vector from B to A, so you subtract B's position vector from A's position vector.

4. 常见陷阱

错误做法:

Calculating as instead of .

原因:

Swapping the order of subtraction gives the vector from B to A, which is the negative of the correct answer, leading to lost marks.

正确做法:

Always subtract the position vector of the starting point from the position vector of the end point: end minus start.

错误做法:

Writing position vectors as instead of .

原因:

The top component of a 2D vector corresponds to the horizontal x-coordinate, the bottom to the vertical y-coordinate. Swapping these gives the wrong position.

正确做法:

Copy coordinates directly into the vector: first the x value, then the y value, matching the order of coordinate pairs.

错误做法:

Using 3D vectors with a z-component for 4PM1 position vector questions.

原因:

The 4PM1 specification explicitly limits position vectors to 2D only, no 3D content is assessed in this topic.

正确做法:

Only use two components for all position vectors in the 4PM1 exam, as official questions will never include a z-coordinate.

错误做法:

Assuming the origin changes between points in a single question.

原因:

All position vectors in a single question are measured relative to the same fixed origin stated at the start of the question, unless explicitly told otherwise.

正确做法:

Always reference the stated origin O for all position vectors in a question, unless you are given explicit instructions to use a different reference point.

5. 速查表

Concept

Rule

Example

Position vector of A (x,y)

A=(2,5) →

Displacement

→

Find unknown position vector of B

→

6. 常见问题

考试中我应该使用哪种位置向量的记法?

爱德思考试局认可两种向量记法:加粗小写字母(例如)或带下划线的字母(例如)。只要标注清晰,你也可以对相对于原点O的位置向量使用箭头记法。

深入阅读

下一步

Now that you have mastered position vectors, you are ready to progress to more advanced vector topics in Edexcel IGCSE Further Pure Math. Next, you will learn about unit vectors, which build directly on the position vector and magnitude concepts you have already covered. You will also use position vectors to solve ratio division problems, such as finding the position vector of a point that divides a line segment in a given ratio. These topics are all core to Section 7 of the 4PM1 specification, and are frequently tested together in multi-mark exam questions. Make sure you practice applying the rule regularly to avoid common order-of-subtraction mistakes in your exam.

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