一元二次方程根的相关函数
爱德思国际GCSE进阶纯数学· 4PM1 2016考纲 第2C节· 15 分钟阅读
1. 二次方程根的和与积恒等式★★☆☆☆⏱ 4 min
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对于任意形如、根为和的二次方程,有两个核心恒等式将二次方程的系数与其根关联起来。这些公式不会在考试公式表中给出,你必须熟记。
二次方程根的和与积
若的根为:
根的和:
根的积:
例:
For , ,
求方程的根的和与积。
- 1
步骤1:识别系数:,,
- 2
步骤2:应用根的和公式:
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步骤3:应用根的积公式:
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2. 计算根的对称函数★★★☆☆⏱ 6 min
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根的对称函数指交换和后取值不变的表达式。你无需算出单个根的具体值即可计算这类表达式:所有对称函数都可以仅通过根的和与积恒等式改写。
已知的根为,求的值。
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步骤1:计算原方程根的和与积:
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步骤2:代入立方和恒等式:
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3. 构造具有变换根的新二次方程★★★☆☆⏱ 5 min
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一旦算出一组变换后根的和与积,你就可以使用标准形式写出对应这组根的完整二次方程。
由根构造二次方程
若一个二次方程的根为和,其标准形式为:
如果要求系数为整数,可以将整式乘以常数消去分母。
例:
A quadratic with roots 3 and 5 has equation
已知二次方程的根为,构造一个系数为整数、根为和的二次方程。
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步骤1:计算原方程根的和与积:
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步骤2:计算新根的和:
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- 5
步骤3:计算新根的积:
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步骤4:代入二次方程标准形式:
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4. 常见陷阱
错误做法:
Using instead of
原因:
Forgetting the leading negative sign in the sum of roots identity invalidates all subsequent calculations
正确做法:
Explicitly memorize the identity with the negative sign, and double-check the sign of when substituting values
错误做法:
Calculating individual and values to evaluate symmetric functions
原因:
This is time-consuming and increases risk of arithmetic errors, especially with irrational roots
正确做法:
Always rewrite symmetric functions using only the sum and product of roots identities
错误做法:
Writing new quadratics as
原因:
Mixing up the sign of the term when forming a quadratic from roots leads to an incorrect final equation
正确做法:
Recall the standard form: subtract the sum of roots, add the product of roots
错误做法:
Leaving fractions in the final quadratic when integer coefficients are required
原因:
Exam questions often explicitly require integer coefficients, so un-cleared fractions lose marks even if sum/product are correct
正确做法:
Multiply all terms by the lowest common denominator of any fractions to get integer coefficients
错误做法:
Expanding as
原因:
Confusing the square of a difference with the difference of squares leads to an incorrect symmetric identity
正确做法:
Use the pre-derived identity to avoid expansion errors
5. 速查表
Identity Name | Formula |
|---|---|
Sum of roots | |
Product of roots | |
Sum of squares | |
Sum of reciprocals | |
Sum of cubes | |
Square of difference | |
Quadratic from roots |
6. 常见问题
根的和与积公式会在考试中给出吗?
不会,根的和()与积()恒等式不会在4PM1公式表中提供,你必须自行熟记。
我需要算出每个根的具体值才能计算对称函数吗?
不需要,所有对称函数都可以仅通过根的和与积改写,这样既节省时间又能降低计算错误。
深入阅读
下一步
Now that you have mastered functions of quadratic roots, you are ready to move on to more advanced quadratic function topics in Edexcel IGCSE Further Pure Math 4PM1. This skill is foundational for many algebra topics you will encounter if you progress to A Level Further Mathematics, but for your 4PM1 exam, you should practice applying these identities to a range of exam-style questions, including multi-step problems that combine this topic with other algebra skills. Make sure you memorize all the core identities covered, as they are not provided on your formula sheet, and practice forming quadratics with different transformed root types to build confidence for your exam.
