反应速率
爱德思国际普通中等教育证书(IGCSE)化学· 3.9–3.16(子主题3(b))· 25 分钟阅读
1. 反应速率的测量★★☆☆☆⏱ 5 min
✓ 计算器
反应速率
衡量化学反应中反应物转化为产物的快慢的物理量,计算方式为单位时间内反应物或产物的量的变化。
例:
Rate of CO₂ production from marble + HCl = change in gas volume ÷ time taken
反应速率可通过三种常用方法测量:测量随时间变化的质量损失(适用于生成气体的反应)、测量随时间变化的气体收集体积,或记录颜色变化/沉淀生成的时间。在反应过程图像中,任意时刻的斜率越陡,代表该时刻的反应速率越快。
某学生在30秒内从大理石与盐酸的反应中收集到45 cm³的CO₂,计算该时间段内的平均反应速率。
- 1
使用平均速率公式:速率 = 量的变化 ÷ 时间
- 2
- 3
最终答案:1.5 cm³/s
2. 影响反应速率的核心因素★★★☆☆⏱ 7 min
共有五大关键因素会改变反应速率,你需要能够描述每种因素的作用,并将其与实验现象关联起来:
Increased surface area of solid reactants: faster rate
Increased concentration of dissolved reactants: faster rate
Increased gas pressure: faster rate
Increased temperature: faster rate
Presence of a catalyst: faster rate (catalyst remains unchanged)
某学生先使用大颗粒大理石与稀盐酸反应,之后用相同质量的大理石粉末重复实验,描述观测到的反应速率差异。
- 1
实验现象:大理石粉末的反应速率快得多,CO₂气泡生成的速率更快,反应更早结束。
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原理解释:大理石粉末暴露在盐酸粒子中的表面积更大,因此反应物粒子间的碰撞频率更高。
3. 碰撞理论阐释★★★☆☆⏱ 6 min
碰撞理论
用于解释反应速率的模型:只有当反应物粒子发生具有足够能量(等于或大于活化能)且取向正确的碰撞时,反应才会发生。
增大表面积、提升浓度或增大压强仅会提升碰撞频率,使每秒发生的碰撞次数增加,从而加快反应速率。升高温度则会同时提升碰撞频率(粒子运动更快)和能量≥活化能的碰撞占比,因此它对反应速率的影响比其他因素更大。
运用碰撞理论解释为什么增大气相反应的压强会提升反应速率。
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增大压强会使气体粒子间距缩小,因此气体粒子的浓度升高。
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这会提高反应物气体粒子之间的碰撞频率,使得每秒发生的有效碰撞次数增加,因此反应速率上升。
4. 催化剂与反应进程图(核心层级+拓展层级)★★★★☆Core / C 专属⏱ 7 min
催化剂
一种可以加快化学反应速率,但在反应结束后自身化学性质不发生改变、质量也保持不变的物质。
催化剂的作用原理是提供一条活化能更低的替代反应路径。这意味着有更大比例的碰撞具备足够能量成为有效碰撞,因此可以在催化剂不被消耗的前提下提升反应速率。
绘制放热反应的反应进程图,标注非催化反应和催化反应的活化能Eₐ,以及焓变ΔH。
- 1
先绘制一条水平线代表反应物的能级,接着绘制代表活化能的峰值,最后绘制一条位置更低的水平线代表产物的能级(放热反应的产物总能量低于反应物)。
- 2
将反应物能级与峰值之间的垂直差值标注为非催化反应的活化能Eₐ。为催化反应路径绘制一个高度更低的峰值,将其与反应物能级的垂直差值标注为催化反应的活化能Eₐ。
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将反应物能级与产物能级之间的垂直差值标注为ΔH(放热反应的该数值为负)。
5. 反应速率必做实验★★★☆☆⏱ 5 min
本主题包含两个考纲指定的必做实验,涉及实验方法、变量和结果的考题在考试中出现频率很高。
Practical 1: Effect of surface area of marble chips and HCl concentration on reaction rate: measure CO₂ volume or mass lost over time, keep other variables constant (temperature, mass of marble, volume of HCl).
Practical 2: Effect of different solid catalysts on H₂O₂ decomposition: measure volume of O₂ produced over time, test with glowing splint, keep H₂O₂ concentration, temperature and mass of catalyst constant.
某学生测试MnO₂、CuO和ZnO对H₂O₂分解反应的影响,请写出该实验的自变量、因变量和控制变量。
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自变量:所使用的固体催化剂的种类。
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因变量:单位时间内生成的氧气体积(即反应速率)。
- 3
控制变量:过氧化氢的浓度与体积、所用催化剂的质量、反应混合物的温度。
6. 常见陷阱
错误做法:
Stating catalysts are used up during reactions
原因:
Catalysts only provide an alternative lower Eₐ pathway, they do not react permanently with reactants
正确做法:
State catalysts remain chemically unchanged and can be reused at the end of the reaction
错误做法:
Explaining temperature effect only by increased collision frequency
原因:
Higher temperature increases both collision frequency and proportion of collisions with energy ≥ Eₐ, the energy effect is larger
正确做法:
Mention both frequency and energy factors when explaining temperature effect on rate
错误做法:
Confusing surface area with total mass of solid
原因:
Two samples of marble with the same mass can have different surface areas if one is powdered and one is lumps
正确做法:
State that larger surface area comes from smaller pieces of the same mass of solid
错误做法:
Drawing catalysed Eₐ higher than uncatalysed Eₐ on reaction profiles
原因:
Catalysts lower activation energy, so the catalysed peak is lower
正确做法:
Always draw the catalysed reaction peak below the uncatalysed peak on reaction profiles
错误做法:
Claiming catalysts change the enthalpy change (ΔH) of a reaction
原因:
Catalysts only change activation energy, the energy of reactants and products stays the same, so ΔH is unchanged
正确做法:
Note that ΔH is identical for catalysed and uncatalysed versions of the same reaction
7. 速查表
Factor | Effect on Rate | Collision Theory Explanation |
|---|---|---|
Increased solid surface area | Increase | Higher frequency of collisions (more exposed particles) |
Increased solution concentration / gas pressure | Increase | Higher frequency of collisions (particles closer together) |
Increased temperature | Large increase | Higher collision frequency + more collisions have energy ≥ Eₐ |
Addition of catalyst | Increase | Alternative pathway with lower activation energy, more successful collisions |
8. 常见问题
催化剂会在反应过程中被消耗吗?
不会。催化剂会提供一条活化能更低的替代反应路径,但在反应结束后自身化学性质保持不变,因此可以重复使用。
哪种影响反应速率的因素会同时提升碰撞频率和碰撞能量?
升高温度:粒子运动速率加快(碰撞更频繁),且有更高比例的粒子具备≥活化能的能量,因此会大幅提升反应速率。
深入阅读
下一步
Now that you have mastered rates of reaction for Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry, you can move on to closely related physical chemistry topics that often appear alongside rate questions in exams. The next core topic is reversible reactions and equilibrium, where you will learn how rate of forward and reverse reactions equalise in closed systems, and how rate factors affect equilibrium position. You should also revise enthalpy changes to reinforce your understanding of reaction profile diagrams for higher tier exams, and practical design skills to answer required practical 6-mark questions. Past paper practice on rate calculation and collision theory explanation questions will help you secure full marks on this high-weight topic.
