电解
爱德思国际普通中等教育证书化学· 1.55C–1.60C· 25 分钟阅读
1. 离子化合物与共价化合物的导电性★★☆☆☆⏱ 5 min
导电性需要可自由移动的带电粒子(离域电子或可移动离子)来传导电流。这一性质可以区分可导电的离子化合物和不导电的简单共价化合物。
电解质
在熔融状态或溶于水时可导电,且在电解过程中会发生化学分解的物质。所有电解质都属于离子化合物。
简单共价化合物在任何状态下都不导电,因为它们由中性分子构成,不存在自由离子或离域电子。石墨这类巨型共价结构是例外,但它们不属于电解质。
离子化合物在固态时不导电,因为其离子被强离子键束缚在固定晶格中。当处于熔融状态或溶于水时,离子键断裂,释放出可自由移动的离子来传导电流。
解释为什么固态碘化钾不导电,但碘化钾水溶液可以导电。
- 1
碘化钾是离子化合物,在固态下具有巨型离子晶格结构。
- 2
在固态下,K⁺和I⁻离子被固定在特定位置,不存在可自由移动的带电粒子来传导电流。
- 3
当溶于水时,离子晶格解体,K⁺和I⁻离子可以自由移动并传导电荷,因此该溶液可以导电。
Exam tip:
在回答导电性相关问题时一定要提到“可自由移动的带电粒子”,这是获得满分的必答得分点。
2. 电解核心术语与氧化还原反应分类★★★☆☆⏱ 6 min
Cation: Positively charged ion, attracted to the negative cathode
Anion: Negatively charged ion, attracted to the positive anode
Cathode: Negative electrode, where reduction (electron gain) occurs
Anode: Positive electrode, where oxidation (electron loss) occurs
半方程式
展示单个电极处电子转移情况的离子方程式,必须同时配平方程式两侧的原子总数和总电荷数。
判断反应属于氧化反应还是还原反应,并说明该反应发生在哪个电极。
- 1
判断电子转移情况:氧离子总共失去4个电子生成氧气。
- 2
应用OIL RIG口诀:失电子即为氧化反应。
- 3
应用Red Cat口诀:氧化反应发生在阳极。
- 4
最终答案:氧化反应,阳极。
3. 熔融态离子化合物的电解★★★☆☆⏱ 5 min
由两种元素构成的熔融二元离子化合物仅包含该化合物自身的离子,因此产物预测十分直接。金属阳离子始终在阴极放电,非金属阴离子则在阳极放电。
使用惰性电极预测熔融溴化铅(II)(PbBr₂)的电解产物,并写出每个反应的配平半反应式。
- 1
识别存在的离子:Pb²⁺(铅阳离子)和Br⁻(溴阴离子)。
- 2
阴极反应:Pb²⁺离子得到2个电子,生成金属铅(还原反应):
- 3
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阳极反应:2个Br⁻离子各失去1个电子,生成溴单质气体(氧化反应):
- 5
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最终产物:阴极处生成金属铅,阳极处生成溴气。
Exam tip:
对于熔融电解质,你完全不需要考虑来自水的离子,只需要处理题目给出的纯离子化合物解离出的离子即可。
4. 水溶液的电解★★★★☆⏱ 7 min
水溶液中包含水部分解离产生的H⁺和OH⁻离子,以及溶解的溶质带来的离子,总共有四种离子。产物预测遵循两条简单规则:
Cathode rule: Hydrogen gas () is produced unless the metal cation is less reactive than hydrogen (below H in the reactivity series, e.g. Cu²⁺, Ag⁺), in which case solid metal is deposited.
Anode rule: Oxygen gas () is produced from OH⁻ ions unless the solution has a high concentration of halide ions (Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻), in which case the halogen gas is produced. Sulfate and nitrate ions are never discharged, so oxygen is always produced for these anions.
使用惰性电极预测浓氯化钠水溶液(卤水)的电解产物,并写出配平的半反应式。
- 1
识别存在的离子:来自NaCl的Na⁺、Cl⁻,以及来自水的H⁺、OH⁻。
- 2
阴极:在活动性顺序表中Na排在H之前,因此H⁺放电生成氢气:
- 3
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阳极:Cl⁻离子浓度很高,因此Cl⁻优先于OH⁻放电生成氯气:
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最终产物:阴极处生成氢气,阳极处生成氯气,剩余氢氧化钠溶液。
使用惰性电极预测稀硫酸铜(II)水溶液的电解产物。
- 1
识别存在的离子:来自CuSO₄的Cu²⁺、SO₄²⁻,以及来自水的H⁺、OH⁻。
- 2
阴极:在活动性顺序表中Cu排在H之后,因此Cu²⁺放电生成固态铜沉积物:
- 3
- 4
阳极:SO₄²⁻离子性质稳定,因此OH⁻放电生成氧气:
- 5
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最终产物:阴极处生成金属铜,阳极处生成氧气。
Exam tip:
务必检查卤化物溶液是浓溶液还是稀溶液:稀卤化物溶液会生成氧气而非卤素单质,这一细节会改变阳极产物。
5. 必修实验:水溶液的电解★★★☆☆⏱ 4 min
你需要能够描述使用惰性电极探究水溶液电解的标准操作流程,以及如何检验生成的产物:
Set up the circuit: connect two inert graphite electrodes to a low-voltage (4-6V) power supply, and place them in a beaker of the aqueous electrolyte.
To collect gaseous products, invert test tubes filled with water over each electrode to capture gas.
Turn on the power supply and leave for 5-10 minutes, recording observations (gas bubbles, solid deposits, colour changes).
Test collected gases: hydrogen gives a squeaky pop with a lit splint, oxygen relights a glowing splint, chlorine bleaches damp blue litmus paper.
描述你将如何检验稀硫酸的电解产物,以确认它们的种类。
- 1
稀硫酸的电解产物为阴极处的氢气和阳极处的氧气。
- 2
检验阴极气体:将点燃的木条放在收集到气体的试管口,若发出尖锐的爆鸣声,则证明存在氢气。
- 3
检验阳极气体:将带火星的木条伸入收集到气体的试管中,若木条复燃,则证明存在氧气。
Exam tip:
对于实验有效对照类问题,控制变量包括电压、电极材料、电解质体积与浓度,以及电解时长。
6. 常见陷阱
错误做法:
Stating solid ionic compounds conduct electricity.
原因:
Ions are locked in a fixed lattice in solid ionic compounds, so there are no free-moving charged particles to carry current.
正确做法:
Specify ionic compounds only conduct when molten or dissolved in water, as ions become free to move.
错误做法:
Mixing up anode and cathode reactions, e.g. saying oxidation occurs at the cathode.
原因:
The cathode is negatively charged, so it attracts positive cations that gain electrons (reduction). The anode attracts negative anions that lose electrons (oxidation).
正确做法:
Use the mnemonic Red Cat: Reduction at Cathode, so oxidation always occurs at the anode.
错误做法:
Writing unbalanced half-equations, e.g. .
原因:
Charge is not balanced: total charge on the left is -2, while total charge on the right is -1.
正确做法:
Balance atoms first, then add electrons to balance charge: (charge -2 on both sides).
错误做法:
Predicting sodium metal deposition at the cathode for aqueous sodium chloride.
原因:
Sodium is more reactive than hydrogen, so H⁺ ions from water are discharged instead of Na⁺ ions.
正确做法:
Apply the cathode rule: hydrogen is produced unless the metal is below hydrogen in the reactivity series.
错误做法:
Predicting chlorine gas from dilute sodium chloride solution.
原因:
Only concentrated halide solutions produce halogens at the anode; dilute solutions produce oxygen from OH⁻ ions.
正确做法:
Check if the halide solution is concentrated: only produce the halogen if concentration is high, otherwise produce oxygen.
错误做法:
Stating all covalent compounds never conduct electricity.
原因:
Giant covalent structures like graphite have delocalised electrons that conduct, but simple molecular covalent compounds do not.
正确做法:
Specify that simple covalent compounds do not conduct electricity, as they have no free ions or delocalised electrons.
7. 速查表
Electrolyte Type | Cathode Product Rule | Anode Product Rule | Example Half Equations |
|---|---|---|---|
Molten binary ionic | Metal from compound cation | Non-metal from compound anion | Cathode: Anode: |
Aqueous (metal > H in reactivity) | Hydrogen gas () | O₂ if sulfate/nitrate/dilute halide; halogen if concentrated halide | Cathode: Anode (conc NaCl): |
Aqueous (metal < H in reactivity) | Solid metal deposit | Oxygen () for sulfate/nitrate anions | Cathode: Anode (dilute ): |
8. 常见问题
为什么固态离子化合物不导电?
固态离子化合物中的离子被固定在巨型晶格结构中,不存在可自由移动的带电粒子来传导电流。只有当化合物处于熔融状态或溶于水时,离子才可以自由移动。
如何判断一个电极反应是氧化反应还是还原反应?
可以使用两个助记口诀:1. OIL RIG:氧化即失电子,还原即得电子。2. Red Cat:还原反应发生在阴极,因此氧化反应始终发生在阳极。
下一步
Now that you have mastered core electrolysis concepts for Paper 2C, you can apply this knowledge to context-specific applications like the electrolytic extraction of aluminium (covered in Section 2 of the syllabus). Make sure you memorise the product prediction rules and half-equation balancing steps, as these are high-frequency marking points in exams. You should also practice past paper questions on electrolysis to familiarise yourself with common question phrasing and practical method requirements, which are often worth 3-4 marks per question.
