共价键
爱德思国际GCSE化学· 1.44–1.51· 25 分钟阅读
1. 什么是共价键?★★☆☆☆⏱ 5 min
🚫 计算器禁用
共价键
两个非金属原子共用一对电子形成的强化学键。该键依靠带负电的共用电子与两个成键原子带正电的原子核之间的静电吸引力维持。
共价键仅在非金属原子之间形成,因为两类原子都需要得到电子以填满外层电子壳层。原子可以共用1对、2对或3对电子,分别形成单键、双键或三键。
描述氢分子(H₂)中共价键的形成过程
- 1
- 每个氢原子的外层(第一壳层)有1个电子,还需要1个电子才能达到满电子稳定状态。
- 2
- 两个氢原子相互靠近,电子壳层发生重叠,各自的单个外层电子被共用,形成一对共用电子。
- 3
- 带负电的共用电子对受到两个氢原子带正电的原子核的吸引,形成强共价单键,将分子结合为整体。
Exam tip:
如果题目要求定义或解释共价键,一定要明确提到共用电子与带正电原子核之间的静电吸引力,这是得分点的必填项。
2. 共价分子的点叉图★★★☆☆⏱ 7 min
🚫 计算器禁用
点叉图用于表示共价键,圆点代表来自一个原子的电子,叉号代表来自另一个成键原子的电子。作答爱德思IGCSE考试题目时请遵循以下规则:
Only draw outer shell electrons for all atoms
Draw shared electron pairs in the overlapping area between the two bonded atoms
Include lone pairs of electrons (unshared outer electrons) on all atoms
Draw double bonds as two shared pairs, triple bonds as three shared pairs
绘制二氧化碳分子(CO₂)的点叉图
- 1
- 碳原子有4个外层电子,每个氧原子有6个外层电子。碳原子需要再获得4个电子以填满外层,每个氧原子则需要再获得2个电子。
- 2
- 碳原子与每个氧原子共用2个电子,形成两个共价双键(一个位于C原子和每个O原子之间)。
- 3
- 将碳原子核画在中心,两侧各画一个氧原子核。在C和O的重叠区域内各画出两对共用电子。
- 4
- 在重叠区域外,给每个氧原子加上剩余的4个外层电子(两对孤对电子)。
Exam tip:
你必须能够画出O₂、CO₂和乙烯的双键,以及N₂的三键。这些都是高频考点,请牢记它们的点叉结构。
3. 简单分子物质★★★☆☆⏱ 6 min
🚫 计算器禁用
简单分子物质由微小的独立分子构成,分子之间通过弱分子间作用力结合。强共价键仅存在于每个分子的内部,将分子内的原子结合在一起。
Low melting/boiling points: Weak intermolecular forces require very little energy to overcome, so many simple molecular substances are gases, liquids or soft solids at room temperature
Melting/boiling points increase with increasing relative molecular mass (Mᵣ): Larger molecules have stronger intermolecular forces between them, so more energy is needed to overcome these forces
Do not conduct electricity: All electrons are fixed in covalent bonds or lone pairs, so there are no free charged particles to carry charge
解释为什么甲烷(CH₄,Mᵣ=16)的沸点低于辛烷(C₈H₁₈,Mᵣ=114)
- 1
- 甲烷和辛烷都属于简单分子物质,分子之间通过弱分子间作用力结合。
- 2
- 辛烷的相对分子质量远高于甲烷,因此辛烷分子之间的分子间作用力比甲烷分子之间的更强。
- 3
- 克服辛烷中更强的分子间作用力需要更多能量,因此辛烷的沸点比甲烷更高。
Exam tip:
切勿在描述简单分子物质熔化或沸腾时声称共价键发生断裂。这是该考点最常见的失分点之一,因此必须明确说明被克服的是弱分子间作用力。
4. 巨型共价结构★★★★☆⏱ 7 min
🚫 计算器禁用
巨型共价结构是大型的连续三维晶格,其中每个原子都通过强共价键与相邻原子相连。考试中你需要熟记三种碳的同素异形体(同一元素的不同单质形态)的结构与性质:金刚石、石墨和C60富勒烯。
Very high melting/boiling points: A huge number of strong covalent bonds must be broken to melt the structure, which requires a very large amount of energy
比较金刚石和石墨的硬度与导电性,并将你的答案与二者的结构关联起来。
- 1
- 硬度:金刚石为四面体晶格,每个碳原子与另外4个碳原子成键,不存在薄弱位点,因此硬度极高。石墨由平坦的六边形层片构成,层与层之间靠弱分子间作用力结合,因此层片可以轻易发生相对滑动,使得石墨质地偏软且具有滑腻感。
- 2
- 导电性:金刚石中的每个碳原子将全部4个外层电子都用于形成共价键,不存在自由电子,因此金刚石不导电。石墨中的每个碳原子仅形成3个共价键,每个碳原子剩余1个可在结构中自由移动的离域自由电子,因此石墨可以导电。
Exam tip:
C60富勒烯的熔点比金刚石和石墨更低,因为它由独立的球形分子构成,分子之间靠弱分子间作用力结合,并非连续的三维共价晶格。
5. 共价化合物的导电性★★☆☆☆⏱ 3 min
🚫 计算器禁用
几乎所有共价化合物在任何状态下都不导电。这是因为所有电子都被束缚在固定的共价键中,或是作为原子上的孤对电子存在,因此没有可以自由移动、用于传导电荷的自由带电粒子(电子或离子)。
解释为什么固态氯化氢(HCl)不导电,但固态石墨可以导电。
- 1
- 固态HCl是简单分子物质。所有电子都被固定在H原子和Cl原子之间的共价键中,不存在自由带电粒子,因此无法导电。
- 2
- 石墨是巨型共价物质,含有可在结构中自由移动以传导电荷的离域自由电子,因此即使处于固态也可以导电。
6. 常见陷阱
错误做法:
Stating covalent bonds are broken when melting/boiling simple molecular substances
原因:
Confuses strong intramolecular covalent bonds inside molecules with weak intermolecular forces between separate molecules, which is a key marking discriminator
正确做法:
Explicitly state that only weak intermolecular forces are overcome when melting/boiling simple molecular substances, and covalent bonds remain intact
错误做法:
Drawing inner shell electrons in dot-and-cross diagrams
原因:
Edexcel mark schemes only require outer shell electrons to be shown, and extra inner shells may cost marks if drawn incorrectly
正确做法:
Only draw outer shell electrons for all atoms in covalent dot-cross diagrams, including lone pairs
错误做法:
Stating C60 fullerene conducts electricity
原因:
Unlike graphite, C60 has no free delocalised electrons that can move across the structure to carry charge
正确做法:
Only state that graphite conducts electricity of the three carbon allotropes required for the specification
错误做法:
Drawing single bonds for O₂, CO₂ or ethene
原因:
These molecules contain double covalent bonds, which are required for correct dot-cross representations to meet the octet rule for all atoms
正确做法:
Draw two shared pairs of electrons in the overlap zone for double bonds in O₂, CO₂ and ethene, and three shared pairs for the triple bond in N₂
错误做法:
Attributing graphite's softness to weak covalent bonds
原因:
Covalent bonds within graphite's hexagonal layers are very strong; its softness comes from weak forces between layers
正确做法:
State that graphite is soft because weak intermolecular forces between its layers allow layers to slide over each other easily
7. 速查表
Structure Type | Key Features | Melting/Boiling Point | Electrical Conductivity | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Simple molecular | Small discrete molecules, weak intermolecular forces between molecules | Low | Does not conduct | H₂, NH₃, CO₂, methane |
Giant covalent | Continuous lattice of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds | Very high | Does not conduct (except graphite) | Diamond, graphite |
Diamond | Tetrahedral lattice, each C bonded to 4 other C atoms | Extremely high | Does not conduct | — |
Graphite | Layered hexagonal lattice, each C bonded to 3 other C atoms, weak interlayer forces | Extremely high | Conducts electricity | — |
C60 fullerene | Spherical molecule of 60 C atoms, weak intermolecular forces between molecules | Lower than diamond/graphite | Does not conduct | — |
8. 常见问题
绘制共价分子的点叉图时,是否需要画出内层电子?
不需要,爱德思IGCSE评分标准仅要求展示外层电子。绘制内层电子属于多余操作,如果画错还可能扣分。
为什么简单分子物质的熔沸点较低?
独立分子之间的弱分子间作用力只需要极少能量就可以被克服。你必须明确说明熔沸点过程中分子内部的强共价键没有断裂,才能拿到全部分数。
C60富勒烯可以导电吗?
不可以,和石墨不同,C60没有可以在结构中自由移动、传输电荷的离域电子。你需要掌握的三种碳的同素异形体中,只有石墨是导体。
深入阅读
下一步
Now you have mastered core covalent bonding content, you are ready to move on to related topics in the Principles of Chemistry unit. Next, you will learn about ionic bonding, which forms between metal and non-metal atoms via electron transfer, and compare the structure and properties of ionic compounds to the covalent substances you have studied here. You will also apply your understanding of structure-property relationships when you cover electrolysis later in the unit, where you will explore how different substances conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water. Covalent bonding is also foundational for organic chemistry, which you will encounter later in the course, as all organic molecules are held together by covalent bonds. Practice drawing dot-cross diagrams regularly and memorise the structure-property links for giant covalent structures to maximise your marks in exam questions.
