排泄作用
生物· 2.70–2.79B· 25 分钟阅读
1. 开花植物的排泄作用(核心内容)★★☆☆☆⏱ 5 min
排泄作用
排出细胞内代谢反应生成的废物,这些废物如果积累会产生毒性。
例:
Carbon dioxide produced during aerobic respiration is an excretory product.
开花植物生成两种主要代谢废物,通过叶片下表皮的气孔排出:
- 二氧化碳:所有植物细胞有氧呼吸产生的废物,在光照强度较低时排出(此时呼吸速率>光合速率)
- 氧气:叶肉栅栏组织细胞光合作用产生的废物,在光照强度较高时排出(此时光合速率>呼吸速率)
将一盆盆栽植物放在黑暗橱柜中24小时,说出这段时间内它释放的主要排泄产物,并说明该产物离开植物的途径。
- 1
步骤1:回忆黑暗环境中光合作用停止,但呼吸作用仍会持续释放能量供细胞活动使用。
- 2
步骤2:确定有氧呼吸的废物为二氧化碳。
- 3
步骤3:回忆植物的气态废物通过开放的叶片气孔以扩散方式排出。
Exam tip:
注意区分光照与黑暗条件下释放的废物:只有当光合作用速率大于呼吸作用速率时,植物才会排泄氧气。
2. 人体排泄器官与代谢废物(核心内容)★★☆☆☆⏱ 5 min
人体有三个主要排泄器官,负责将代谢废物排出体外。注意粪便的排遗(未消化食物)不属于排泄,因为粪便不是细胞代谢的产物。
Excretory Organ | Waste Products Excreted |
|---|---|
Lungs | Carbon dioxide, small amounts of water vapour |
Kidneys | Urea, excess water, excess mineral ions (collectively urine) |
Skin (sweat glands) | Water, excess mineral ions, small amounts of urea (collectively sweat) |
说出负责将二氧化碳排出人体的排泄器官,并列举该器官排泄的另一种废物。
- 1
步骤1:将二氧化碳对应到其排泄器官:肺。
- 2
步骤2:回忆肺部排出的第二种废物:呼气时排出的水蒸气。
Exam tip:
评分标准严格对应器官与产物:不要将尿素列为肺部的排泄产物,也不要将二氧化碳列为肾脏的排泄产物,否则会失分。
3. 泌尿系统与肾单位结构(仅生物专属内容,试卷2考查)★★★☆☆A2 专属⏱ 5 min
肾单位
肾脏的微观功能单位,负责过滤血液并生成尿液。
人体泌尿系统过滤血液、生成尿液并排出代谢废物,其核心结构包括:
- 肾脏:两枚豆状器官,负责过滤血液并生成尿液
- 输尿管:两条将尿液从肾脏输送至膀胱的管道
- 膀胱:可暂时储存尿液的肌性囊状结构
- 尿道:将尿液从膀胱排出体外的管道
- 肾小囊:包裹肾小球的杯状结构,负责收集过滤后的液体
- 肾小球:发生超滤作用的毛细血管团
- 近曲小管:首个盘绕区段,是选择性重吸收发生的位置
- 髓袢(亨利氏环):维持水平衡的U型区段(本考纲不要求掌握其详细作用机制)
- 集合管:将尿液输送至输尿管、调控水分重吸收的最终区段
请指出将尿液从肾脏输送至膀胱的结构名称,以及肾脏中生成尿液的功能单位名称。
- 1
步骤1:识别连接肾脏与膀胱的管道:输尿管。
- 2
步骤2:回忆肾脏的功能单位:肾单位。
Exam tip:
考试中经常要求标注示意图:请务必区分输尿管(连接肾脏与膀胱)和尿道(将膀胱内尿液排出体外),并能识别所有关键的肾单位结构。
4. 肾脏功能:超滤作用与选择性重吸收(仅生物学考,试卷2)★★★★☆A2 专属⏱ 5 min
肾脏有两大核心功能:排出代谢废物(尿素)以及渗透调节(调控血液的水分与离子平衡)。这两个生理过程通过肾单位内的两个核心步骤完成:超滤作用与选择性重吸收。
超滤作用
肾小球内的高压将小分子可溶性物质从血液中压出、进入肾小囊的过程。
例:
Glomerular filtrate (fluid entering Bowman's capsule) contains water, glucose, urea, and mineral ions, but no blood cells or large proteins, which are too large to pass through capillary walls.
超滤作用完成后,有用的分子会通过选择性重吸收回到血液中:
- 全部葡萄糖都会通过主动运输在近曲小管处被重吸收,因此正常尿液中不含葡萄糖
- 机体所需的适量水分与矿质离子会根据需求在肾小管和集合管处被重吸收
- 尿素不会被重吸收,因此会留在滤液中随尿液排出体外
解释为什么健康人的肾小球滤液中不存在大分子蛋白质。
- 1
步骤1:回忆超滤作用依赖高压将小分子物质压出肾小球。
- 2
步骤2:说明大分子蛋白质的尺寸过大,无法穿过肾小球毛细血管壁和肾小囊膜上的孔隙。
- 3
步骤3:得出结论:蛋白质会留在血液中,不会进入滤液。
Exam tip:
解释超滤作用时,必须提及肾小球内的高压环境以及分子的大小限制,这是拿到满分的必要得分点。
5. 渗透调节与抗利尿激素(ADH)的作用(仅生物学考,试卷2)★★★★☆A2 专属⏱ 5 min
渗透调节是指调控血液中的水盐平衡以维持稳定的水势,避免细胞发生皱缩或过度吸水膨胀的生理过程。该过程由大脑垂体释放的抗利尿激素(ADH)通过负反馈机制调控。
If blood is too concentrated (e.g. after heavy sweating, not drinking enough water): pituitary releases MORE ADH → collecting duct becomes more permeable to water → more water reabsorbed into blood → small volume of concentrated urine produced, blood water levels return to normal.
If blood is too dilute (e.g. after drinking large amounts of water): pituitary releases LESS ADH → collecting duct becomes less permeable to water → less water reabsorbed → large volume of dilute urine produced, blood water levels return to normal.
某人在10分钟内喝下2升水,解释其身体会做出怎样的响应来调节血液含水量。
- 1
步骤1:说明大量饮水会导致血液的溶质浓度过低、被过度稀释。
- 2
步骤2:解释垂体将释放更少的抗利尿激素。
- 3
步骤3:说明这会使集合管对水的通透性下降,因此更少的水分会被重吸收回血液。
- 4
步骤4:得出结论:机体会生成大量低浓度的稀释尿液,使血液的水分浓度恢复至正常水平。
Exam tip:
不要笼统表述ADH“让你排尿减少”,必须解释它对集合管通透性和水分重吸收的作用才能拿到满分。
6. 常见陷阱
错误做法:
Calling faeces an excretory product
原因:
Faeces is undigested food that never entered cells for metabolic reactions, so its removal is egestion, not excretion.
正确做法:
Only list metabolic waste products (CO2, urea, plant oxygen) as excretory products, and explicitly distinguish excretion from egestion if asked.
错误做法:
Stating that the kidney produces urea
原因:
Urea is produced in the liver from excess amino acids via deamination; the kidney only removes urea from the blood.
正确做法:
Always link urea production to the liver, and urea excretion to the kidney.
错误做法:
Including proteins or blood cells in glomerular filtrate or normal urine
原因:
Large proteins and blood cells are too big to pass through the glomerulus membrane during ultrafiltration, so they remain in the blood.
正确做法:
State that glomerular filtrate contains only water, glucose, ions, urea, and normal urine contains only water, ions, urea.
错误做法:
Stating ADH directly reduces urine volume without explaining mechanism
原因:
Mark schemes require you to link ADH levels to collecting duct permeability and water reabsorption for full marks.
正确做法:
Explain that more ADH increases collecting duct permeability, so more water is reabsorbed, leading to smaller volumes of concentrated urine.
错误做法:
Mixing up excretory organ and waste product pairs
原因:
Mark schemes strictly pair organs and products, so incorrect pairs lose marks automatically.
正确做法:
Memorise the standard pairs: lungs = CO2 + water vapour; kidneys = urine (urea, water, ions); skin = sweat (water, ions, small urea amounts).
7. 速查表
Topic | Key Exam Facts |
|---|---|
Plant Excretion | CO2 (respiration, dark) and O2 (photosynthesis, light) excreted via stomata |
Human Excretory Organs | Lungs: CO2 + water vapour; Kidneys: urine; Skin: sweat |
Urinary System Flow | Kidney → ureter → bladder → urethra |
Nephron Core Structures | Bowman's capsule, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, collecting duct |
Ultrafiltration | High pressure filters small molecules into Bowman's capsule; no proteins/cells in filtrate |
Selective Reabsorption | All glucose reabsorbed in proximal tubule; no glucose in normal urine |
ADH Action | More ADH = more permeable collecting duct = more water reabsorbed = concentrated urine |
Normal Urine | Only contains water, urea, and excess mineral ions |
8. 常见问题
粪便属于排泄产物吗?
不属于。粪便是未被消化的食物,从未进入细胞参与代谢过程,因此它的排出过程称为排遗,而非排泄。
为什么正常尿液中不含葡萄糖?
所有葡萄糖都会在近曲小管通过主动运输被选择性重吸收回血液。尿液中出现葡萄糖是糖尿病的常见症状。
如果ADH水平过低会发生什么?
集合管对水的通透性下降,因此重吸收回血液的水量减少,最终生成大量稀释的尿液。
深入阅读
- official_spec爱德思IGCSE生物4BI1考试大纲详见大纲2.70–2.79B部分,获取完整的排泄相关内容
下一步
Now that you have mastered excretion content for Edexcel IGCSE Biology, move on to related topics that build on this knowledge. Next, study Homeostasis (including skin temperature regulation) to connect osmoregulation to the body's wider control systems, and revise Gas Exchange in Plants to consolidate your understanding of stomatal function. For Paper 2 Biology students, practice past paper questions on kidney function and ADH to test your extended content knowledge, and practice labelling diagrams of the urinary system and nephron to avoid easy marking point losses in your exam.
